კოლექტიური (სოციალური) სიკეთეები

Error message

  • Deprecated function: Array and string offset access syntax with curly braces is deprecated in include_once() (line 20 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/file.phar.inc).
  • Warning: "continue" targeting switch is equivalent to "break". Did you mean to use "continue 2"? in include_once() (line 1387 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; views_display has a deprecated constructor in include_once() (line 3491 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/bootstrap.inc).
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  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
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  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6609 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
  • Warning: "continue" targeting switch is equivalent to "break". Did you mean to use "continue 2"? in include_once() (line 1387 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function: implode(): Passing glue string after array is deprecated. Swap the parameters in drupal_get_feeds() (line 394 of /var/www/dictionary.css.ge/public_html/includes/common.inc).
Collective Good

სუფთა ჰაერი, უსაფრთხო ქუჩები და საგადასახადო ხვრელები, რომელთა მოპოვების უფლებაც დაუშვებელია ჯგუფის წევრს ჩამოერთვას და რომელიც საერთო საკუთრებაა. ეს ჯგუფი კი შესაძლებელია წარმოდგენილი იქნეს, როგორც მთელი საზოგადოების ან მისი ნაწილის სახით. კოლექტიური ქმედების ლოგიკაში მანკურ ოლსონი (Mancur Olson, 1965) ადგენს, რომ პატარა ჯგუფები კოლექტიური სიკეეთეების მოპოვებისას უფრო წარმატებულნი არიან. რაც უფრო დიდია ჯგუფი, უფრო ნაკლებად სავარაუდოა, რომ უმრავლესობის სურვილი მიმართული იქნება „კოლექტიური სიკეთეების“ მოსაპოვებლად. ისევე როგორც სამხედრო სტრატეგიაში, აქაც უმნიშვნელოვანესია კონცენტრაცია. აქედან გამომდინარე, რომელიმე ინდუსტრია უფრო წარმატებულად აითვისებს საგადასახადო ხვრელებს, ვიდრე ფართო საზოგადოება მიაღწევს დაბეგვრის სამართლიანობას. 

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გამოყენებული ლიტერატურა:

Shafritz, J. M. (2004). The dictionary of public policy and administration. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press. 

კატეგორია: 
საჯარო პოლიტიკა და მართვა
ავტორები: 
Kristine Margvelashvili